The
Visual Culture of American Reform
VIS 233:
Frames of Production
Winter 2003
Wednesday
3-5:50
VAF 366
(Seminar Room)
Instructor:
Grant Kester
e-mail:
gkester@ucsd.edu/phone: 822-4860
That
party will possess the future which can most skillfully manipulate the spectre
of revolution.
Georges Sorel, Reflections on Violence, 1906
Course Description
This course will examine the role played by visual culture (photography,
film, public exhibitions, and investigative surveys) in twentieth-century political
and social reform movements. The concept of ÒreformÓ carries two related
meanings. The first concerns the process by which poor or working-class
individuals are brought into conformity with middle-class values and modes of
behavior (through the administration of relief, housing design, training
programs, etc.). The second meaning concerns the transformation of governmental
or corporate conduct through state or federal legislation (e.g., the regulation
of child labor, housing code enforcement, farm subsidies, etc.). Existing
research on reform culture is divided between scholars working in the history
of photography and in American political history. Studies by photographic
historians often involve biographical narratives of canonical image-makers (Louis
Hine, Dorothea Lange, etc.) which give comparatively little attention to the
broader constellation of images associated with a given movement, or the
specific political context of reform. Political historians, for their part,
often treat the visual culture of reform as little more than an illustrative
adjunct to the ÒrealÓ work performed by organized social movements and
conventional political actors. In this class we will examine the complex
cross-fertilization that occurs between images and reform ideologies across a
range of historical periods.
We will explore four key transition
points in twentieth-century American history: the turn of the century
Progressive era, the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Great Society
initiatives of the 1960s, and the rise of neo-conservative social policy during
the Reagan era. In each case we will focus on a single year during which the
promises and contradictions of the reform impulse were manifested with
particular clarity. The six-volume Pittsburgh Survey was published in 1908,
marking the emergence of a professionalized concept of Òsocial workÓ out of the
parochial philanthropy of the nineteenth century. In the summer of 1936 James
Agee and Walker Evans conducted the field research that would lead to their landmark
book Let us Now Praise Famous Men. That same year witnessed the
release of Pare LorentzÕs seminal documentary The Plow that Broke the
Plains. 1965 was the year of the Watts Riots in Los Angeles, which coincided with
the publication of Daniel Patrick MoynihanÕs controversial Report on the
Negro Family. Los Angeles was again at the center of American
political history in 1992, with the widespread rioting that followed the Rodney
King verdict. At these crucial moments existing interpretations of economic inequality
and standards of social justice were destabilized by fiscal crisis, civil
disorder, labor migration and industrial modernization.
As
dominant political narratives lose their legitimacy space is opened for new
narratives, new models of political organization and new visions for the future
of American society. This contest is played out in a particularly powerful form
through modes of visual culture that promise to provide some empirical truth
about existing social conditions (documentary film and photography,
investigative surveys, commissions, etc.). Photo-based technologies combine the
visceral impact and immediacy of a visual image with a reassuring facticity.
Central themes addressed in this class will include questions of agency and
causality in the visual presentation of crisis, the cultural and political
significance of immigration, racial taxonomy and the ÒAmericanizationÓ process,
debates over the legitimacy of civil disorder, the relationship between poverty
and criminality, the role of the visual in evoking solidarity and empathetic
identification, the visual rhetoric of statistical data and graphics, the
concept of reciprocity in reform documentary, and the relationship between
official and unofficial discourse in the management of social conflict and
dissent.
Texts
Course readings are located at the UCSD Library Electronic Reserves URL: http://reserves.ucsd.edu. The Libraries'
Electronic Reserves services are restricted to UCSD IP addresses. This means
that they can only be accessed from computers on the UCSD network, campus
affiliates using the UCSD
proxy server, or dial-in accounts provided by ACS
Office of Network Operations (ONO). You can apply for access via your home
computer through the ONO.
Assignments
Your grade will be based on three factors: an archival research project, a
final paper (which may be based on the archival research project), and class participation
& attendance. As a discussion-based seminar, attendance and participation
is crucial. Each unexcused absence will lower your final grade by one letter (A
to B, B to C, etc.). The grading percentages are:
10% class participation
30% archival research project
60% final research project
Archival
Research Project
Research into the visual culture of reform movements is heavily dependent
on primary sources (original books and journals, commission reports, diaries,
oral histories, etc.). ItÕs important to gain some skill in accessing and
interpreting archival materials and in using them to develop your own research
program. While it isnÕt possible for you to travel to some of the major
archives and collections (in New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C.) there are
a significant number of resources for archival research in San Diego and Los
Angeles (listed below), as well as some excellent on-line resources and fiche
materials that can be obtained through inter-library loan.
For
the archival research project you will first need to pick an area of
investigation (a specific journal, article, book, movement, period, individual
or event). After accessing the relevant archival material youÕll need to
identify specific images to be presented in class. Your presentation should be
primarily descriptive rather than analytic. Where did you locate the images?
What context did they appear in originally? How do they relate to issues and
themes addressed in class discussions and readings?
Class presentations will be ten to
fifteen minutes long and should include some visual referent (slides, Xeroxes,
etc.). You must also submit a two to three page outline of your archival
research. Given the short time frame (and the time needed to process
interlibrary loan requests), youÕll need to provide a brief (one or two
paragraph) written and verbal proposal for your archival project during the
second week of class. The archival project presentations will begin during
the fifth week. I will assign the dates for these presentations in class.
Final
Research Project
Your final research paper should focus on one of the historical periods
covered in class. It can be based, in part, on the research you began with your
archival project, but it can also draw on entirely different material. In
either case, the paper needs to combine the descriptive and contextualizing
approach of the archival project with an analytic framework in which you draw
certain conclusions from the archival material at hand. If you do develop a
paper based on your initial archival project youÕll need to develop this
research further.
YouÕll present a proposal for the
final research project during the fifth week of class. In addition to a brief
oral presentation youÕll need to submit a one-page proposal that describes the
specific sources youÕll be using for your research. Students will present their
research during the final week of class. The research paper must be 20-25 pages
long (5000-6250 words) for PhD students and 15-18 (3750-4500) for MFA students.
Please follow Chicago Manual of Style formatting. IÕm including a list of
possible topics and themes below (you are of course free to develop your own
ideas), as well as a list of archival and other research sources.
The Progressive Era
* The Department of Surveys and Exhibits at the Russell Sage Foundation
* Assimilation narratives and imagery (e.g., the Studies in Americanization
program at the University of Chicago)
* The Purity Reform movement and the ÒWhite SlaveryÓ issue
* Public Exhibitions (Tenement House Exhibit, Tuberculosis Exhibit,
Congestion Exhibit, Dresden Social Hygiene Exhibit)
* Prison reform and self-government initiatives
* Lucy Parsons (African American anarchist in Chicago, cf. Jane Addams)
* Socialist, Communist & Anarchist journals (IWW, etc.)
* Visual technologies of reform (stereopticons, magic
lanterns, models, etc.)
The New Deal
* Picture books during the 1930s (Forty Acres and a Steel Mule, Land of
the Free, You Have Seen Their Faces, Sweet Flypaper of Life, Let us
now Praise Famous Men)
* Images and journals of the Southern Tenant FarmerÕs Union
* Picture magazines of the 1930s (Fortune, PM, Hound
and Horn)
* Motion Studies and Taylorism (Westinghouse Òactuality filmsÓ)
* Greenbelt Towns and images of suburbia in the Ô30s
* The iconography of the Oakie
The Great Society
* Riot Commission Reports (McCone, Kerner, Eisenhower, Attica)
* The National Welfare Rights Movement
* Community media production (e.g., Somerville Community Access TV)
* Imagery associated with the black family (cf. the Moynihan Report)
* Fantasy and sensationalism in riot reports and mass media
* The role of the police in triggering urban riots (this
might be usefully compared to authoritarianism in TV portrayals of the justice
system)
The Conservative
Revival
* Visual analysis in the Rodney King trial (and video footage)
* Reality TV & the victimÕs rights movement (AmericaÕs Most Wanted,
COPS)
* Conservative and Neoconservative publications of the 1980s (National
Review, Washington Times, etc.)
* Iconography of neighborhoods and gangs in South Central Los Angeles.
* The visual culture of prison life and the criminal justice system (Oz, Law and
Order, Training Day, the Rampart division controversy, etc.)
* Comparative images of black and white youth crime
* Images of contemporary immigration compared to the early 20th.
century.
Archival
Sources
Local
and Regional Archives
UCSD Library
UCSD Mandeville Library Special Collections has an original copy of the
1965 McCone Commission Report (on the Watts riots):
McCone
Commission report! Complete and unabridged report by the Governor's Commission
on the Los Angeles Riot ; plus one hundred four shocking photos of the most
terrifying riot in history
Mandeville also has microfilm versions of the transcripts and consultant
reports for the McCone Commission
Transcripts, depositions, consultants reports, and selected documents
of the Governor's Commission on the Los Angleles Riots [microform]
SSH Docs Film F5004
G700 L6 T7 Reels
1-18
SSH Docs CAL Stacks G700
.L6 T7 Table
of Contents
SSH Docs CAL Stacks G700
.L6 T7 Table
of Contents c.2
You can also find copies of Fortune, Hound and Horn and PM Magazine in
the UCSD library.
Museum of Photographic Arts Archives
The Museum of Photographic Arts in Balboa Park has a very good library of
photographic books as well as a picture archive. YouÕll need to contact them
first to arrange access.
The Getty Museum of Art
Research Institute
The Getty in Los Angeles has an excellent photographic collection as well
as a research institute with strong holdings in the history of photography
(books and journals). YouÕll need to call ahead to arrange access. They also
have a Dorothea Lange exhibit up through early February. You can search their
holdings via the Getty website.
Research Collection Finding Aid: http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/iris/
Photo Study Collection Database: http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/psc/
Southern California
Library for Social Studies and Research
This is an excellent alternative archive for materials related to Los
Angeles history. They have strong holdings in 1960s-era journals, newspapers
and books associated with the Black Power movement and the Panther Party as
well as oral histories of the Õ65 riots.
http://www.socallib.org/
Public Policy and
Social Research at the UCLA Library
Useful collection of links as well as finding aids for materials related to
labor, welfare, and urban planning history at UCLA and elsewhere.
http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/url/colls/pubpol/
Los
Angeles Police Department Historical Society
The Rand Corporation,
Santa Monica
Originally ÒResearch and Development,Ó Rand was first associated with US
Air Force research, especially related to nuclear strategy. It was later
influential in domestic policy. TheyÕve recently opened their archives to
historians.
Rand sponsored the recent ÒLos Angeles Family and Neighborhood SurveyÓ
(L.A. FANS): http://www.lasurvey.rand.org/
Period
Journals, Magazines and Papers
Survey Graphic
Charities
and the Commons
International Socialist Review
Fortune Magazine
PM Magazine
Hound and Horn
The Black Panther
The California Eagle
Lexis Nexis/UPA has a series of very useful fiche collections, including:
Agrarian Periodicals in the United States, 1920Ð1960
http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/2upa/Ars/AgrarianPeriodicalsUS.htm
Radical Periodicals in the US 1881-1960
http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/2upa/Ars/RadicalPeriodicalsUS.htm
Papers of the Revolutionary Action Movement-Black Studies Research Sources
http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/2upa/Aaas/bpower.htm
* this includes some useful oral histories
On-Line
Resources: Primary Sources
Institute of Industrial Relations Library
The
Institute of Industrial Relations Library is a research center at UC Berkeley
that is open to all UC students. Good for labor history research. See the
ÒLabor Research PortalÓ.
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/IIRL/
California State Archives Photographic Collections
http://www.ss.ca.gov/archives/archives.htm
Here is a useful finding aid for the archives: http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/institutions/ark:/13030/tf6g5012g8
The Pittsburgh Survey (excerpt)
Paul U. Kellogg in "Charities and the Commons," January 2, 1909.
http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/stell30.html
This site contains photographs and text passages taken from Margaret
Byington's volume in the six-part Pittsburgh Survey, titled Homestead:
The Households of a Mill Town.
http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/PittsburghSurvey/Homestead/
US
Department of Agriculture Photography Center
The FSA was part of the USDA, although most of the FSA
photographic materials are at the Library of Congress.
http://www.usda.gov/oc/photo/opchomea.htm
http://www.usda.gov/oc/photo/histfeat.htm
Library
of Congress American Memory Site
The Library of Congress has some excellent on-line resources, including
quick-time movies, and digitized images. IÕve listed three interesting LC
resources below.
Farm
Security Administration Archives
Photographs from the FSA (which
became the Office of War Information) are held by the Library of Congress. They
have digitized a large number of these and they can be accessed on-line.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsowhome.html
Inside an
American Factory: Films of the Westinghouse Works, 1904
The Westinghouse Works Collection
contains 21 actuality films showing various views of Westinghouse companies.
Most prominently featured are the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, the
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, and the Westinghouse Machine
Company. The films were intended to showcase the company's operations. Exterior
and interior shots of the factories are shown along with scenes of male and
female workers performing their duties at the plants.
You can view these in Quick Time
format.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.html
Immigration & Migration: Today and During the Great
Depression
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/98/migrate/online.html
Extracts
from turn-of-the-century New York City 'actuality' films
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/american/vcmodule/ec_film.shtml
The
National Security Archive at George Washington University
Although the bulk of their current material is related to foreign policy
issues this is still an excellent resource for research via US government
ÒFreedom of Information ActÓ requests. FOIAs could be applied to a range of
domestic record materials (police actions during riots, COINTELPRO, etc.)
New York
University Library
Studies, Treatises, Union Publications and Vocational Texts: 1845-1970
http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/tam/women/oldstuds.html
US
National Archives and Records Administration
The National Archives contains a range of material related to US government
policy in immigration, labor, criminal justice and urban planning. It is,
however, more difficult to access than the LC.
http://www.archives.gov/
Lexis/Nexis
This is a very important on-line resource for fiche materials, ILL requests
and research into both current events and US history.
http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/default2.asp
Daniel
Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case For National Action (US Department of Labor Office of
Policy Planning and Research, March 1965).
http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm
The 1992
Los Angeles Riots
This
page contains the recollections of current Cal Poly Pomona student R.L.
Thompson, former police officer with the Los Angeles Police Department.
http://www.csupomona.edu/~skpuz/vhst202/Weeklies/lariot1.html
A
Hypertextual Exploration of the 1992 L.A. Riots
http://teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/www%20project/main2
This is a very interesting site, which includes footage of the King beating
as well as relevant rap lyrics.
LA Riots Ten Years Later (Streetgangs.Com)
This site includes excellent history of LA gangs and GIS-based maps of
historical and current gang territories.
http://www.streetgangs.com/topics/2002/042902tenyearslater.html
The 1992
Los Angeles Riots: Military Operations in Los Angeles, 1992
An account of the 1992 riots by Major General (Ret.) James D. Delk.
http://www.militarymuseum.org/HistoryKingMilOps.html
360 Degrees:
Perspectives on the US Criminal Justice System
This site provides information and critical perspectives on the US prison
system.
http://360degrees.org/
Hardplace:
INS and Immigrant Detention
Images, drawings and descriptions by immigrants who have been or are
currently being held in INS detention. They provide an interesting contrast to
HineÕs images of Ellis Island immigrants at the turn of the century.
http://tenement.org/HardPlace/
The INS:
History, Genealogy, and Education
This site contains
instructions for historical and genealogical research using INS records. It
might be useful for research related to US immigration policy.
http://www.ins.usdoj.gov/graphics/aboutins/history/index.htm
Internet
Resources for the Gilded Age and Progressive Eras
http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~shgape/resources.html
The
United States in the Progressive Era: A Guide to Resources
Child Labor in America: 1908-1912
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/index.html
On the
Lower East Side
http://acad.smumn.edu/history/contents.html
This site
contains a collection of articles, documentary sources, and study guides
describing life on ManhattanÕs Lower East Side at the turn of the century.
Social
Welfare and Visual Politics: The Story of Survey Graphic
Essay by Cara Finnegan at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
http://newdeal.feri.org/sg/essay02.htm
The
Kerner Commission Updated
Transcripts of a PBS special on race relations. It features characteristic
conservative attacks on the immorality of the black family.
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/jan-june98/commission_3-2.html
Violence in
the Community: Resources
From a class at Louisiana State University, this site includes a useful
bibliography of published material related to Watts since the 1960s.
http://www.lib.lsu.edu/hum/mlk/srs213.html
A Brief
History of Watts
http://www.irn.pdx.edu/~strukn/Watts/riot.htm
The LA
Rebellion: Context of a Proletarian Uprising
http://www.charm.net/~claustro/outlaw/la_rebellion/default.htm
CLASS SCHEDULE
Week 1
Wednesday, January 8
Introduction to Class
THEORETICAL
COORDINATES
Week 2
Wednesday, January 15
Archival Research Project proposals due in class (1-2
paragraphs)
Readings
JŸrgen
Habermas, ÒCrisis Tendencies in Advanced Capitalism,Ó (part II, pp.33-75) in Legitimation
Crisis, trans. by
Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973).
Elizabeth
Spelman, ÒThe Heady Political Life of CompassionÓ and ÒChanging the Subject: On
Making Your Suffering MineÓ in Fruits of Sorrow: Framing our Attention to
Suffering (Boston:
Beacon Press 1997).
Anson
Rabinbach, ÒFrom Idleness to FatigueÓ (chapter one) in The Human Motor:
Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1990).
1908: Making the Town Real to Itself
Week 3
Wednesday, January 22
Readings
Paul Boyer,
ÒBuilding Character among the Urban Poor,Ó (chapter 10) in Urban Masses and
Moral Order in America 1820-1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).
Gareth
Stedman Jones, ÒThe Deformation of the Gift: The Problem of the 1860s,Ó Outcast
London: A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society (New York: Pantheon, 1971).
Charles
Loring Brace, ÒThe Proletaires of New YorkÓ in The Dangerous Classes of New
York & Twenty YearsÕ Among Them (1872) (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social
Workers 1995).
Henry
Mayhew, ÒThe Agencies at Present in Operation within the Metropolis for the
Suppression of Vice and CrimeÓ (ÒThose Who Will Not Work,Ó volume four) in London
Labour and the London Poor (1861).
Week 4
Wednesday, January 29
Readings
Maurine W.
Greenwald, ÒVisualizing Pittsburgh in the 1900s: Art and Photography in the
Service of Social ReformÓ (chapter eight) in Pittsburgh Surveyed: Social
Science and Social Reform in the Early Twentieth Century, edited by Maurine W. Greenfield
and Margo Anderson (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996).
Paul Boyer,
ÒPositive EnvironmentalismÓ (chapter 15) in Urban Masses and Moral Order in
America 1820-1920
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).
Paul U.
Kellogg, ÒOur Hidden Cities And the American Zest for Discovery,Ó The Survey
Graphic vol.LX,
no.7 (July 1, 1928).
Evart G.
Routzahn and Mary Swain Routzahn, The ABC of Exhibit Planning (Russell Sage Foundation: New York,
1919)
ÑChapter
three ÒWhy do you wish to have an exhibit?Ó
ÑChapter
four, ÒWho should see the exhibit?Ó
ON-LINE RESOURCES
The Pittsburgh Survey (excerpt)
Paul U. Kellogg in "Charities and the Commons," January 2, 1909.
http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/stell30.html
This site contains photographs and text passages taken from Margaret
Byington's volume in the six-part Pittsburgh Survey, titled Homestead:
The Households of a Mill Town.
http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/PittsburghSurvey/Homestead/
1936: IÕm a Farmer Too
Week 5
* Archival Research Presentations begin
* Final Research Project proposals due in class (one page)
Readings
Robert L.
Snyder, ÒThe Roots of the Films of MeritÓ (chapter one) and ÒThe Plow that
Broke the PlainsÓ (chapter two) in Pare Lorentz and the Documentary Film (Reno: University of Nevada Press,
1994).
Maren
Stange, ÒSymbols of Ideal Life: Tugwell, Stryker and the FSA Photography
Project,Ó (chapter three) in Symbols of Ideal Life: Social Documentary
Photography in America 1890-1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
David
Myhra, ÒRexford Guy Tugwell: Initiator of AmericaÕs Greenbelt New Towns,
1935-36Ó (chapter 11) in The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections, edited by Donald A. Krueckeberg
(New York: Methuen, 1983).
Pare
Lorentz, ÒThe Making of The Plow that Broke the Plains,Ó ÒScript for The Plow that
Broke the Plains,Ó
ÒThe Making of The River,Ó ÒScript for The River,Ó in FDRÕs Moviemaker: Memoirs and Scripts (Reno: University of Nevada Press,
1992).
ON-LINE RESOURCES
Littoral,
ÒGRASS ROOTS: A New Vision for Farming Families, the Countryside, and the Rural
Economy, after Foot and MouthÓ (conference held in Chipping, Lancashire,
October 2001).
http://www.littoral.org.uk/project_grassroots.htm
Week 6
Wednesday, February 12
* Archival Research Presentations
READINGS
William
Stott, ÒThe Documentary BookÓ (chapter 12) in Documentary Expression and
Thirties America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).
Dale
Maharidge and Michael Williamson, ÒRickettsÓ and ÒGudger,Ó And Their
Children After Them
(New York: Pantheon, 1990).
James Agee
and Walker Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (New York: Ballantine Books, 1966),
excepts (ÒNear a Church,Ó ÒNotes,Ó ÒThe Gudger House,Ó and ÒOverallsÓ).
Howard
Kester, ÒThe Sharecropper RisesÓ and ÒArkansas Hurricane,Ó Revolt Among the
Sharecroppers (New
York: Arno Press, 1969).
1965: Turn Left or Get Shot
Week 7
Wednesday, February 19
Readings
Michael
Lipsky and David J. Olson, ÒPublic Images and Political Legitimacy,Ó Commission
Politics: The Processing of Racial Crisis in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
Books, 1977).
http://www.rand.org/publications/classics/wohlstetter/D17664/D17664.html
Week 8
Wednesday, February 26
Readings
Daniel
Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case For National Action (US Department of Labor Office of
Policy Planning and Research, March 1965).
http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm
William
Ryan, ÒMammy Observed: Fixing the Negro Family,Ó Blaming the Victim (New York: Vintage, 1971).
Susan
Sheehan, A Welfare Mother (New York: Mentor, 1975), excerpt.
Frances Fox
Piven and Richard Cloward, ÒThe Great Society and Relief: Federal InterventionÓ
(chapter nine) in Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage 1971).
1992: ItÕs Guiliani Time
Week 9
Readings
Aaron Doyle, ÒCOPS: Television Policing as Policing
Reality,Ó (chapter six) Entertaining Crime: Television Reality Programs, edited by Mark
Fishman and Gray Cavender (New York: Aldine DeGruyter, 1998).
Judith
Butler, ÒEndangered/Endangering: Schematic Racism and White Paranoia,Ó in Reading
Rodney King: Reading Urban Uprising, edited by Robert Gooding-Williams (New York: Routledge,
1993).
Sanford F.
Schram, ÒThe Real Uses of a False Dichotomy: Symbols at the Expense of
Substance in Welfare ReformÓ (chapter seven) in Words of Welfare: The
Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, (Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 1995).
ON-LINE RESOURCES
A Hypertextual
Exploration of the 1992 L.A. Riots
http://teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/www%20project/main2
LA Riots Ten Years Later (Streetgangs.Com)
This site includes excellent history of LA gangs and GIS-based maps of
historical and current gang territories.
http://www.streetgangs.com/topics/2002/042902tenyearslater.html
360
Degrees: Perspectives on the US Criminal Justice System
This site provides information and critical perspectives on the US prison
system.
http://360degrees.org/
Student Presentations
Week 10
Wednesday, March 12